Martin Luther Essay - 1217 Words

Martin Luther Martin Luther was a German theologian and religious reformer, who started the Protestant Reformation, and whose vast influence during his time period made him one of the crucial figures in modern European history. Luther was born in Eisleben on November 10, 1483 and was descended from the peasantry, a fact that he often stressed. Hans Luther, his father, was a copper miner. Luther received a sound primary and secondary education at Mansfeld, Magdeburg, and Eisenach. In 1501, at the age of 17, he enrolled at the University of Erfurt, receiving a bachelors degree in 1502 and a masters degree in 1505 . He then intended to study law, as his father had wished. In the summer of 1505, he abandoned his studies and his law plans,†¦show more content†¦Both the exact date and the location of this experience have been a matter of controversy among scholars, but the event was crucial in Luthers life, because it turned him decisively against some of the major tenets of the Catholic church. Luther became a public and controversial figure when he published his Ninety-Five Theses on October 31, 1517. His main purpose of writing the theses was to show his opposition for the corruption and wealth of the papacy and to state his belief that salvation would be granted on the basis of faith alone rather then by works. Although it is generally believed that Luther nailed these theses to the door of All Saints Church in Wittenberg, some scholars have questioned this story, which does not occur in any of his own writings. Regardless of the manner in which his propositions were made public, they caused great excitement and were immediately translated into German and widely distributed . Luthers spirited defense and further development of his position through public university debates in Wittenberg and other cities resulted in an investigation by the Roman Curia that led to the condemnation of his teachings and his excommunication. Summoned to appear before Charles V at the Diet of Worms in April 1521, he was asked before the assembled secular and ecclesiastical rulers to recant. He refused firmly,Show MoreRelatedLuther, By Martin Luther1221 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther, born in 1483, grew up in a devout Roman Catholic household, where the church stood at the center of his world. However, he suffered at the hand of his parents’ harsh criticism. His father had emerged from the feudal system into the new middle class as a successful Coppersmith. His desire was for his son to also climb the social ladder. To assist with his son’s success, Luther’s father was a fierce judge of the character of his son, and often punished him severely for his failures.Read MoreThe Story Of Martin Luther898 Words   |  4 PagesThe story of Martin Luther life . Martin Luther was born in the town of Eisleben in east-central Germany. We should however speak of Germany as it was spoken of it that era, because Germany was a geographical expression used in the Middle Ages, so instead of saying Germany the correct expression would be German lands. These lands were divided again and again .they were also ruled and misruled by many princes in the land. The princes rich or poor would compete with each other for the most local powerRead MoreMartin Luther And The Catholic1550 Words   |  7 Pagestransformation, but Martin Luther is one of the more significant figures. This paper is about how Martin Luther, a catholic German Monk, played a substantial role in influencing the religion of that time and initiated the Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther affected the Catholic Church, which was the major religion in Europe at the time, with his deep-seated beliefs on indulgences and how you can find your own salvation without aid of the Catholic Church or the Pope. After Martin Luther was tried atRead MoreThe Legacy Of Martin Luther915 Words   |  4 Pages Martin Luther was a big deal in history. He had a big part in the reformation. Priests would take your money by telling you that you could get rid of your sin if you paid them. Martin knew that it was all a scam. He started going up against the priests, and telling the people that it was a scam. You could ask for forgiveness from God on your own for free. He fought for what he believed, and he made a good impact in history. Luther was a born in a peasant family. His father worked hard to keepRead MoreThe 95 Theses By Martin Luther982 Words   |  4 PagesFor this essay, I chose the 95 Theses by Martin Luther as my primary source. This primary source is a historical document that cause major uproars throughout Europe. The 95 Theses were written by Martin Luther in October of 1517. The 95 Theses were ninety-five statements written by Martin Luther in opposition to the Roman Catholic Church. They challenged the common practices of the Catholic Church, including indulgences and the authority of the pope. The 95 Theses sparked a theological debate thatRead MoreThe Legacy Of Martin Luther1719 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Martin Luther grew up in a home with very strict parents. As a result, Luther’s childhood was plagued with anxiety at home and at school. Because his father planned for him to become a lawyer, shortly after receiving a Master of Arts degree from Erfurt University he returned to the university to study law. Consequently, after a life threatening experience in a storm, Luther left the university and joined a monastery. In 1505, Luther became an Augustinian monk and subsequently becameRead MoreImpact of Martin Luther1060 Words   |  5 PagesLuther was a German patriot. He was never a nationalist in the modern sense of the word. Luther was, above all, a pastor, professor of theology and iconic figure of the Protestant Reformation. Luther has been variously identified as an advocate of absolute monarchy, democracy, individual freedom, intellectual repression, nationalism, internationalism, spirituality and secularism. He was a religious figure; his battles were fought ov er theological issues that may seem to us obscure but whoseRead MoreThe Death Of Martin Luther1013 Words   |  5 Pages Martin Luther was born in Germany on November 10th, 1483. He was the son of Hans and Margarette Luther. In 1501 Martin entered the University of Erurt where he received a master of arts degree. He got a degree in grammar, logic, rhetoric and metaphysics which seemed as if he was becoming a lawyer. In 1505, Luther went through some life changing experiences which led him on a new course. He got caught in a storm where he plead out to St. Anne, Save me, St. Anne, and I have become a monkRead MoreThe Life of Martin Luther1037 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther was a man who impacted the world’s society and history. He marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation, which changed the course of Christianity forever. He was a powerful man of God, who reformed the corrupt Catholic Church, rediscovered the Living Word of God, and restored many authentic Christian doctrines. Luther was a man who changed the world. Martin Luther was born in Eisleben, Germany on November 10, 1483 to a middle-class family. During his childhood, two of his brothersRead MoreEssay on Martin Luther1918 Words   |  8 Pages The year 1483 certainly was not the best of times and arguably not the worst of times but it was a notable time in that the birth of one Martin Luther did occur and the re-birth of Christendom was not far away. Eisleben, Germany is noted as the birthplace of young Martin Luther just ten days into November. Germany at that time was a place of emperors, princes, princelings, nobles, lords and knights. A place once called the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. A place that had no qualms with poverty

Alkylation agents as Chemotherapeutic agents Free Essays

Chemotherapy simply means the use of chemicals to treat disease by destroying microorganism or cancerous or tumor cells. Generally, chemotherapy acts by destroying rapidly dividing cells although the mechanism that leads to this differs. Several divisions of chemotherapy agents exist such as the anti-metabolites, plant alkaloids the topoisomerase inhibitors, anthracyclines and alkylation agents which are discussed in this paper. We will write a custom essay sample on Alkylation agents as Chemotherapeutic agents or any similar topic only for you Order Now Generally, alkylation agents work by addition of alkyl groups to the guanine of DNA molecule at number 7 atom of imidazole group (Siddik, 2002). Alkylation agent’s significance The name originates from their ability to alkylate several nuclophilic functional categories in certain cellular conditions . Examples of alkylation agents are carboplatin, oxaliplatin and cisplatin that work by covalent bond formation with specific carboxyl, sulphurhydril and phosphate groups in molecules of biological importance (Siddik, 2002). These are regarded as platinum-based alkylation agents. These platinum based alkylation agent are divided into first, second and third generations made up of cisplatin,caboplatin and oxaliplatin respectively. They found important use in treatment of mesothelioma . They work at all stage of cell cycle and impair cellular DNA synthesis as well as transcption (Siddik, 2002). Cisplatin is used to treat lung and testicular cancers. Other alkylation agents include chlorambucil, mechlorethamine, ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide as well as procarbazine and bulsulphan. Alkylation agents are effective at all stage of cell cycle making them useful in treating wide range of cancer especially the slow growing ones like solid tumor and leukemia (Pizzo Poplack, 2006) All share biochemical mechanism although they may differ in their clinical effects. The significance of alkylation agents is not only seen in treatment of leukemia, lymphomas and solid tumors. They are also found significant in the treatment of non neoplastic conditions such as cyclophosphamide use in treatment of autoimmune disease . Pulse dose cyclophosphamide is used in lupus nephritis and other conditions like Wegener’s granulomatosis, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis (Siddik, 2002). They are not however free of side effects especially after prolonged use and these include amenorrhea (cessation of menses), oligospermia (reduction in sperm count) as well as secondary cancers such as acute myelogenous leukemia (Pizzo Poplack, 2006). General classification of alkylating chemotherapeutic agents ? Non-specifically acting agents: They crosslink guanine nucleobases present in double helix of DNA and by so doing stop tumor proliferation. ? Agents that need activation : This includes cyclophosphamide which needs in-vovo conversion to active product ? Biakylating and Monoakylating agents: The biakylating agents are capable of reacting with two 7-N guanine residues. When these residues are in different DNA strands, there is resulting crosslinkage of DNA strands and this makes DNA double helix to fail to uncoil (Siddik, 2002). However, when the two guanine moieties are in same base strands, what occurs is known as limpet association of DNA to the drug molecule. Example of biakylating agent is Bulsuphan . On the contrary, monoakylating agents are only capable of reacting with one 7-N of guanine molecule. ? Classical alkylation agents: These are termed alkyl groups and they include three subgroups which are: (a) the nitrogen mustards which include mephalan, ifosfamide, uramustine, chlorambucil, mechlorethamine and cyclophosphamide b) The nitrosoureas which are carmustine, streptozocin and lomustine c) the alkyl sulphonates such as bulsuphan. ? Alkylation-like agents: They lack alkyl group but destroy DNA. They are regarded as alkylation-like as they coordinate to DNA so as to interrupt DNA repair permanently. They are the platinum based drugs such as cisplatin,oxaliplatin and carboplatin. They also bind at N7 position of guanine (Siddik, 2002) ? The Non-classical: Certain categories are termed non-classical such as altremine and procarbazine. Furthermore, sometimes the platinum based drugs are also regarded as non-classical. Nitrogen Mustards The nitrogen mustards are a group of DNA alkylation agents which are not specific . They are cytotoxic and have similar qualities to mustard gas, hence utilized as medicinal and chemical warfare agents. Nitrogen mustards stockpiled by many countries in WW II serve as potent and useful blister agents. Nitrogen mustards suppress bone marrow production of red blood cells. The first nitrogen mustard developed was mustine with anti-neoplastic chemotherapeutic value. Other examples of alkylation agents in nitrogen mustard family are mephalan, cholambucil, cyclophosphamide, uramustine and ifosfomide (Siddik, 2002). The likes of Bis (2-chloroethyl) ethylamine and Tris (2-choloroethlamine) are few nitrogen mustards used in chemical warfare. Nitrogen mustard’s mode of action involves formation of aziridinium or cyclic aminium ion when the amine nitrogen displaces chloride at intermolecular level. This is then followed by alkylation of DNA centers by the azidirium group (Siddik, 2002). Malfunctioning of alkylation DNA is usual during replication (Pizzo Poplack, 2006). They prevent cell division and by so doing cause abnormal base pairing. Also it is possible that more than a single alkylation groups may exist in each molecule . In order words, these therapeutically useful alkylation agents are either bialkylating or polyalkylating agents (Siddik, 2002). The damaging effect is comparable to that which is seen with exposure of genetic material to radiation making it radiometric. Earlier, nitrogen mustards have been shown to form interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) and this formation takes place between N-7 of guanine residue in a 5†²-d (GC) sequence, although it was later discovered that nitrogen mustards form a 1,3 Interstrand crosslinks in the 5†²-d (GNC) sequence (Siddik, 2002). For instance, cyclophosphamide (cytophosphane), a nitrogen mustard arise from oxazophorine group and exhibits their chemotherapeutic effects by its nitrogen mustard metabolite,phosphoramide which form both interstrand and intrastrand crosslinkages at N-7 position of guanine molecule causing cell death. Cyclophosphamide metabolite is usually produced in cell with low amount of ALDH. References Pizzo, P. A Poplack, D. G. (2006). Principles and practice of pediatric oncology. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. pp. 310-320. Siddik, Z. H (2002)Mechanism of action of Cancer chemotherapeutic agents; DNA-Interactive alkylation agents and Antitumor platinum based Drugs. Retrieved On August 15,2010 from http://webcache. googleusercontent. com/search? q=cache:brnWwlXCLnIJ:hasdl. kau. edu. sa/encyclopedia/2/h6%2520archive/17. pdf+Mechanisms+of+Action+of+Cancer+Chemotherapeutic+Agents:+DNA-Interactive+Alkylating+Agents+and+Antitumour+Platinum-Based+Drugs+by+Zahid+H. +Siddikcd=1hl=enct=clnk How to cite Alkylation agents as Chemotherapeutic agents, Papers

Rough Draft Science report 2 Essay Example For Students

Rough Draft Science report 2 Essay Have you ever wondered how galaxies were made? What type of galaxy the Milky Way is? How many different types of galaxies there are? Well, after this, you will know. In the universe there are 4 main types of galaxies. Spiral, Elliptical, Irregular and Lenticular. The first galaxy, and the most popular, is called a Spiral Galaxy. If you see a picture of a galaxy, its probably a spiral. Our galaxy, the Milky Way, is also a spiral. It is divided into two parts. The Spiral and Barred Spiral. The Spiral has a nucleus with arms of millions of stars that spiral around it. The galaxy is made up of two parts, spheroidal and flat. This is what a spiral galaxy looks like. (Point to poster). The spiral has two parts of its own. Population 1 and Population 2. Population 1 is a large flat disk that often contains a lot of interstellar matter. That means it has a lot of dust and rubble in it. And population 2 is an open star cluster that is sometimes arranged in spiral patterns or bar structures. The barred spiral galaxy is the second type of spiral galaxies. It is a spiral galaxy with a bar of stars though the middle. It has the same composition but a different appearance. The second type of galaxies is the elliptical galaxy. (Point to poster). It is probably the most old of the galaxies. It changes in shape from spherical to flattened disks but mostly ellipsoidal shape. It has a smooth structure with bright center and doesnt have spiral arms. They consist of a rotating spheroid of old stars. They do not rotate as a whole. Normally, elliptical galaxies contain very little interstellar matter or sometimes none at all. They mostly consist of Population 2 stars also. The third type is the irregular galaxy. It has no particular shape and is usually smaller and fainter then other galaxies. Some astronomers think the shape of irregular galaxies are from an explosion in the center of the galaxy. There are two main types: the mangellanic type and the nonmangellic type. The mangellic type is emplified by the clouds of Magellan and the nonmangellic type is characterized by a chaotic pattern of dust lanes overlaying a smooth structure. The last type is the Lenticular. It is not as common or important as the other three but is still a galaxy. These galaxies are pretty much, spiral galaxies without a spiral structure. They are mainly Population two stars. They are smooth disk galaxies, where stellar formation has stopped long ago because the interstellar matter was used up. .